一、词类
1. 名词(Nouns):表示人、事物、地点、时间等的词,如:teacher, school, Beijing, morning等。
2. 代词(Pronouns):用来代替名词的词,如:I, you, he, she, it, they, my, your, his, her, its, our, their等。
3. 形容词(Adjectives):用来修饰名词的词,如:beautiful, happy, tall, short, big, small等。
4. 动词(Verbs):表示动作或状态的词,如:run, jump, sing, dance, have, is, are等。
5. 副词(Adverbs):用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,如:quickly, slowly, happily, beautifully, very, too等。
6. 介词(Prepositions):表示名词与其他词之间的关系的词,如:in, on, at, to, with, for等。
7. 连词(Conjunctions):连接词、短语或句子的词,如:and, but, or, so, because等。
二、句子结构
1. 简单句(Simple Sentence):只有一个主语和一个谓语的句子,如:He runs.
2. 并列句(Compound Sentence):由两个或多个简单句组成的句子,如:He runs and jumps.
3. 复合句(Complex Sentence):由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成的句子,如:He runs because he likes sports.
4. 复合并列句(Compound-Complex Sentence):由两个或多个主句和一个或多个从句组成的句子,如:He runs and jumps, but he doesn't like swimming.
三、时态
1. 一般现在时(Simple Present Tense):表示经常发生的动作或现在的状态,如:I go to school every day.
2. 一般过去时(Simple Past Tense):表示过去发生的动作或状态,如:I went to the park yesterday.
3. 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense):表示将来发生的动作或状态,如:I will visit my grandparents tomorrow.
4. 现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense):表示现在正在进行的动作,如:I am reading a book.
5. 过去进行时(Past Continuous Tense):表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,如:I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
6. 将来进行时(Future Continuous Tense):表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,如:I will be playing basketball at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
7. 现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense):表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响,如:I have finished my homework.
8. 过去完成时(Past Perfect Tense):表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作,如:I had finished my homework before he came.
9. 将来完成时(Future Perfect Tense):表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作,如:I will have finished my homework by 8 o'clock tonight.
四、语态
1. 主动语态(Active Voice):主语是动作的执行者,如:I clean the room.
2. 被动语态(Passive Voice):主语是动作的承受者,如:The room is cleaned by me.
五、直接引语与间接引语
1. 直接引语(Direct Speech):直接引用别人的原话,用引号标出,如:"I love you," she said.
2. 间接引语(Indirect Speech):用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号,如:She said she loved me.